General
Preferred name
Laevulinic Acid
Synonyms
LEVULINIC ACID ()
4-oxopentanoic acid, ??Acetylpropionic acid, 3-Acetopropionic acid, ??ketovaleric acid ()
4-Oxovaleric acid ()
NSC 3716 ()
4-oxopentanoic acid, ¦Â-Acetylpropionic acid, 3-Acetopropionic acid, ¦Ã-ketovaleric acid ()
FEMA NO. 2627 ()
NSC-3716 ()
MAGNESIUM LEVULINATE ()
Calcium laevulinate ()
Calcium levulinate anhydrous ()
Calcium levulate ()
Calcium laevulate ()
Calcium levulinate ()
P&D ID
PD008114
CAS
123-76-2
591-64-0
Tags
covalent binder
natural product
drug
drug candidate
available
Drug indication
Discovery agent
Replenisher (calcium)
Drug Status
investigational
approved
experimental
nutraceutical
Max Phase
3.0
Probe control
Probe control not defined
Orthogonal probes
0
No orthogonal probes found
Similar probes
0
No structurally similar probes found
Structure
P&D probe-likeness score
Structure formats
[[ format ]]
[[ compound[format === 'MOL' ? 'molblock' : format.toLowerCase()] ]]
Description
(extracted from source data)
MOA
Much like most calcium supplements, once calcium levulinate dissociates in the body after administration, absorption of the supplemental calcium ions across the intestinal wall serves to enhance calcium stores in the body [L2765, L2767, A33038].; ; Regardless, levulinic acid (LA) is a commonly used chemical with one carbonyl group, one carboxyl group, and alpha-H comprised in its inner structure, which belongs to short-chain and non-volatile fatty acids [L2767]. Moreover, the carbon-oxygen double bond from LA's carbonyl group possesses a strong polarity, where the oxygen atom has a stronger electron attracting ability compared to the carbon atom, such that the pi electron will ultimately transfer into the greater electronegative oxygen, therefore resulting in the formation of a positive charge center in the carbon atom [L2767]. The electrophilic center of the carbon atom subsequently plays a critical role when the carbonyl group performs chemical reactions [L2767]. Owing to the relatively strong electron receptor effect of the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group, LA has higher dissociation constants than a common saturated acid, which allows it to possess a stronger corresponding acidity [L2767]. Furthermore, LA can be isomerized into the enol-isomer, owing to the presence of the carbonyl group [L2767]. The chemical structure of LA consequently has several highly active sites, which facilitates it being used as a chemical platform for preparing many other chemical products [L2767]. For example, the special structure of LA allows various kinds of products to be generated by way of esterification, halogenation, hydrogenation, oxy-dehydrogenation, and/or condensation, among many other methods [L2767].
ABSORPTION
General calcium absorption occurs primarily in the duodenum by an active transcellular and saturable system, which is stimulated and regulated by 1,25(OH)2D,25 and through a passive and vitamin D-independent paracellular transport in the jejunum and ileum, and even in the colon - where absorption is only about 4% even when the intake is high [A33038]. Ultimately, calcium absorption depends mainly on the amount of intake - in general, absorption increases at lower intakes and decreases at high intakes [A33038].; ; Readily accessible data regarding the specific absorption of calcium levulinate is not available although the formulation is considered a low molecular weight organic calcium ion type that is easily absorbed through the intestinal wall [L2765].
[[ p.pathway_name ]]
[[ compound.targets[tid].gene_name ]]
Compound Sets
8
ChEMBL Drugs
DrugBank Approved Drugs
DrugMAP
MedChem Express Bioactive Compound Library
NPC Screening Collection
Selleckchem Bioactive Compound Library
[[ a.name ]]
[[ ligand_id ]]
free of charge
External IDs
75
Molecular Weight
116.05
Hydrogen Bond Acceptors
2
Hydrogen Bond Donors
1
Rotatable Bonds
3
Ring Count
0
Aromatic Ring Count
0
cLogP
0.44
TPSA
54.37
Fraction CSP3
0.6
Chiral centers
0.0
Largest ring
0.0
QED
0.58
Structural alerts
0
No structural alerts detected
Related compounds
Custom attributes
(extracted from source data)
Pathway
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
Target
Endogenous Metabolite
Source data
